LATIN GRAMMAR EXERCISES TRADITIO Traditional Roman Catholic Internet Site E-mail List: traditio@traditio.com, Web Page: http://www.traditio.com Copyright 1999 CSM. Reproduction prohibited without authorization. EXERCISES Each of the following Latin sentences has one error. Can you find it? 1. Cicero poetae magnae consilium dedit. Cicero gave advice to the great poet. 2. Caesar suus impetum duxit. Caesar himself led the attack. 3. Vergilius carmina eius scribebat. Vergil used to write his own poems. 4. Virtutem vestram laudabas. You used to praise your own virtue. 5. Cicero tempora et moras non laudabat. Cicero used not to praise the times and customs. 6. Seneca de philosophiam multa dicebat. Seneca used to say many things about philosophy. 7. Gloria tui, Roma, semper vivet. Your glory, Rome, will live always. 8. Homines vitia ipsa habent. Men have the same vices. 9. These men did not like those studies. Illi haec studia non amaverunt. 10. Non Ciceronem ipsum, sed orationes suas, laudavi. I did not praise Cicero himself, but his speeches. (through Wheelock XV) LATIN TO ENGLISH GAIUS PLINY (X.1) Pliny: Plinius, -ii (m) TO THE EMPEROR TRAJAN emperor: imperator, -oris (m) Trajan: Traianus, -i (m) Your piety, to be sure, piety: pietas, -tatis (f) to be sure: quidem (adverb) most august emperor, most august: sanctissimus, -a, um had wished wish: opto (1) that you would succeed that you would succeed: ut succederes your father as late as possible; father: in dative after succederes as late as possible: quam tardissime but the immortal gods immortal: immortalis, -e hastened your skills hasten: festino (1) skills: use virtus to the helm of the public weal helm: gubernacula, -orum (n pl.) public: publicus, -a, -um weal: res, rei (f) which you had undertaken which: quam undertake: suscipio, suscipere, suscepi to direct. direct: admoveo, admovere, admovi I pray, therefore, pray: precor (1) that all prosperous things all: omnis, -e prosperous: prosperus, -a, -um may happen to you and may happen: contingant through you to the human race, race: genus, -eris (n) that is, things worthy worthy: dignus, -a, -um (takes abl.) of your age. age: saeculum, -i (n) I wish you (to be) strong and happy, strong: fortis, -e happy: hilaris, -e most excellent emperor, most excellent: optimus, -a, -um both privately and publicly. both...and: et...et privately: privatim (adverb) publicly: publice (adverb) GAIUS PLINY (X.121) TO THE EMPEROR TRAJAN Customary it is for me, sir, customary: sollemnis, -e sir: dominus, -i (m) to refer to you all things refer: refero, referre, retuli, relatum every: omnis, -e about which I have doubts. about which: de quibus have doubts: dubito (1) For who is able better who: quis better: melius either to control my hesitation either...or: vel...vel control: rego, regere, rexi, rectum hesitation: cunctatio, -ionis (f) or to instruct my ignorance? instruct: instruo, instruere, instruxi ignorance: ignorantia, -ae (f) (X, 97) TRAJAN TO PLINY Correctly you had, correctly: merito (adverb) most dear Secundus, most dear: carissimus, -a, -um the confidence of my own mind. confidence: fiducia, -ae (f) mind: use animus (through Wheelock XV) ADJECTIVES Adjectives agree with their antecedents in gender, number, and case. The letters in the ending do not have to agree. Magnus Caesar rexit. Great Caesar ruled. Magnorum Caesarum amicos I praised the friends of laudavi. the great Caesars. Magnae Liviae orationem dedi. I gave a speech to great Livia. Magnum templum laudavi. I praised the great temple. Cum magna Livia veni. I came with great Livia. RELATIVE PRONOUNS Relative pronouns agree with the nouns to which they refer in gender and number, but their case is determined by their use within their own (relative) clause. This is true of both Latin and English. In Latin, the relative pronoun is qui, quae, quod. In English, the relative pronoun is who (nominative), whose (genitive), whom (objective: corresponding to the Latin dative, accusative, or ablative) for persons; for things, which, whose, and which. Caesar, qui Gallos vicit, rexit. Caesar, who conquered the Gauls, ruled. Qui (nom. sing.) is the subject of vicit. Caesares, quorum amicum laudavi, rexerunt. The Caesars, whose friend I praised, ruled. Quorum is genitive (masc. pl.) depending upon amicum. Agrippinas, quibus dixi, vidi. I saw the Agrippinas to whom I spoke. Quibus is dative of indirect object (fem. pl.) with dedi. Templum, quod laudavi, vidi. I saw the temple which I praised. Quod is accusative of direct object (neut. sing.) with laudavi. Liviam, quacum veni, vidi. I saw Livia, with whom I came. Qua is ablative with the preposition cum (= cum qua). EXERCISES Caesarem, _____ (who) rexit, laudavi. Liviam, _____ (to whom) orationem dedi, laudavi. Caesares, post _____ (whom) veni, rexerunt. Liviae, _____ (whom) amicae laudaverunt, orationem dedi. Caesarem, _____cum (whom) veni, amici necaverunt. Templum, de _____ (which) librum scripsi, laudavi. Puellas, _____ (whom) vidi, laudavi. De amicis Caesarum, _____ (who) erant magn___ (great), scripsi. Caesares, _____ (to whom) orationem dedi, rexerunt. (through Wheelock XVII) THE PASSIVE VOICE In addition to PERSON (1st, 2nd, 3rd), NUMBER (singular, plural), TENSE (present, future, imperfect, present perfect, pluperfect, future perfect), and MOOD (indicative), verb forms have VOICE (ACTIVE, PASSIVE). The ACTIVE voice shows the SUBJECT ACTING. The PASSIVE voice shows the SUBJECT BEING ACTED UPON. ACTIVE: Antonius Ciceronem necat. Antony kills Cicero. PASSIVE: Cicero ab Antonio necatur. Cicero is killed by Antony. In English, the passive is shown by the addition of a form of the verb "to be": kills/is killed (present), will kill/will be killed (future), was killing/was being killed (imperfect). In Latin, the passive is shown by the use of special passive endings: -r, - ris, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur. Notice that active sentences can be transformed into passive sentences and vice versa. The direct object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence, and the subject of the active sentence becomes: In English, a prepositional phrase with by In Latin, a prepositional phrase with a(b), called the ablative of agent, if a person is involved OR an ablative without a preposition, called the ablative of means, if a thing is involved EXERCISES Transform the following active English and Latin sentences into the passive. I praise Caesar. Caesarem laudo. _____________________________ ________________________________ Cicero will warn the Romans. Cicero Romanos monebit. _____________________________ ________________________________ Caesar was capturing Britain. Caesar Britanniam capiebat. _____________________________ ________________________________ Swords will kill Caligula. Gladii Caligulam necabunt. _____________________________ ________________________________ I was giving a speech to C. Orationem Caesari dabam. _____________________________ ________________________________ You show the book to Nero. Librum Neroni demonstras. _____________________________ ________________________________ (through Wheelock XVII) EXAMINATION: FIRST HALF OF WHEELOCK 1. You have studied two uses of the ablative without a preposition. Name them: ablative of _______________, ablative of _______________. 2. Give the following forms in Latin: Brave men (genitive plural) __________________________, bad custom (accusative singular) ____________________, beautiful ocean (ablative singular) ____________________. 3. Make the following sentence non-reflexive: Caesar templa sua fecit. ________________________________________________________. 4. Name two methods by which you can determine whether a third-declension noun is an i-stem: __________________________________, ________________________________________________________________. 5. Change each of the following verb forms to the other voice (if active, make it passive; if passive, make it active): capiebam _____________________ habuerunt _____________________ actus erat _____________________ laudatur _____________________ 6. Give an English translation of the following verb forms: laudari _____________________ captus eram _____________________ cupietur _____________________ scribo _____________________ 7. Give an English translation of the following: Gaius quem senes necaverunt malus imperator erat. _________________________________________________________________ Caesares quibus multi honores dati erant in urbe Roma regnaverunt. _________________________________________________________________ 8. Circle the errors in each of the following Latin sentences: Caesarne consilium fortum laudaverat? Qui Gaium necabit? Nauta ad mortem ducta est. Augustus suus exercitum Romanum ad Britanniam duxit. In libro mei de Seneca scribam. 9. Translate the following sentences into Latin: The customs of death make a delay. _________________________________________________________________ In that hour Caesar himself led his own armies. _________________________________________________________________ (through Wheelock XX) IDENTIFYING VERB FORMS LAUDAT LAUDATUS LAUDATUS EST LAUDANS LAUDATE LAUDARI Person third - third - second - Number singular singular singular singular plural - Tense present perfect perfect present present present Mood indic. participle indicative partic. imperat. infinitive Voice active passive passive active active passive For each of the following identifications, circle the corresponding verb form: first * auditus est? plural * or perfect * * * * * audivimus? indicative * or active * audiendus? - * laudans? - * or perfect * * * * * laudaturus? infinitive * or active * laudavisse? second * cape? singular * or present * * * * * captus? imperative * or active * capiendus? - * habentes? plural * or present * * * * * habens? participle * or active * habiti? third * necandi? plural * or pluperfect * * * * * necati sunt? indicative * or passive * necavi? (through Wheelock XXII) EXAMPLES OF PARTICIPIAL USAGE PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE Remember: The perfect passive participle used alone describes the noun it modifies. The perfect passive participle used with a form of the verb esse becomes the perfect passive indicative, a full verb form. Orator laudatus (perfect passive participle alone) The praised orator. Orator a Cicerone laudatus (passive with ablative of personal agent) The orator (having been) praised by Cicero. Orator a Cicerone laudatus est. (with est as perfect passive indicative) The orator was praised by Cicero. Orator a Cicerone laudatus orationem habuit. (alone, not indicative) The orator (having been) praised by Cicero gave a speech. PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE Orator laudans (participle alone) The praising orator Orator Caesarem laudans (active with direct object) The orator praising Caesar Orator Caesarem laudans orationem habuit. The orator praising Caesar gave a speech. Remember: The present active participle is never used to translate the English present progressive tense. "He is praising" is laudat, not est laudans. FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE Orator laudaturus (participle alone) The orator about to praise Orator Caesarem laudaturus (active with direct object) The orator about to praise Caesar Orator Caesarem laudaturus orationem habuit. The orator about to praise Caesar gave a speech. FUTURE PASSIVE PARTICIPLE Orator laudandus (participle alone) The orator (about) to be praised Orator a Cicerone laudandus (passive with ablative of personal agent) The orator (about) to be praised by Cicero Orator a Cicerone laudandus orationem habuit. The orator about to be praised by Cicero gave a speech. SYNTAX The participle may appear in any case. Like any adjective, it must agree with the noun it modifies in gender, number and case. Orator Caesarem laudans orationem habuit. (nominative modifying subject) The orator praising Caesar gave a speech. Oratio oratoris Caesarem laudantis erat brevis. (genitive modifying possessor) The speech of the orator praising Caesar was brief. Donum oratori Caesarem laudanti dedit. (dative modifying indirect object) He gave a gift to the orator praising Caesar. Oratorem Caesarem laudantem scivit. (accusative modifying direct object) He knew the orator praising Caesar. Oratio ab oratore Caesarem laudante habitus est. (ablative modifying agent) The speech was given by the orator praising Caesar. EXERCISES Translate the following: The murdered Caligula (neco (1), to murder) Caligula murdered by the senator Caligula was murdered by the senator. Caligula, murdered by the senator, was evil. (malus,-a,-um, evil) Caligula murdering the senator Caligula, murdering the senator, was killed. Caligula is murdering the senator. Caligula a senatore necandus est. Caligula senatorem necaturus est. Gladius Caligulae necantis Gladio Caligulam necante (through Wheelock XXIII) THE CASES IN LATIN Cases are endings on nouns that indicate the relationship of words in a sentence to each other. English and Spanish have lost most of their case endings, but Latin has five that are commonly used. NOMINATIVE Shows the SUBJECT of the sentence. GENITIVE Shows POSSESSION. DATIVE Shows the INDIRECT OBJECT. ACCUSATIVE Shows the DIRECT OBJECT. ABLATIVE Shows the OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION. God's love gave a son to Mary from heaven. The VERB is GAVE. The SUBJECT is LOVE. The DIRECT OBJECT is a SON. The INDIRECT OBJECT is TO MARY. In Latin the sentence becomes: Dei amor dedit filium Mariae de caelo. The SUBJECT (amor) is in the NOMINATIVE case. The DIRECT OBJECT (filium) is in the ACCUSATIVE case. The INDIRECT OBJECT (Mariae) is in the DATIVE case. The POSSESSION (Dei) is in the GENITIVE case. The OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION (caelo) is in the ABLATIVE case. The case endings for four common masculine words are as follows. (Note that JESUS is irregular.) NOMINATIVE De-US Domin-US Christ-US Jes-US GENITIVE De-I Domin-I Christ-I Jes-U DATIVE De-O Domin-O Christ-O Jes-U ACCUSATIVE De-UM Domin-UM Christ-UM Jes-UM ABLATIVE De-O Domin-O Christ-O Jes-U The case endings for a common feminine word are as follows: NOMINATIVE Mari-A GENITIVE Mari-AE DATIVE Mari-AE ACCUSATIVE Mari-AM ABLATIVE Mari-A EXERCISE 1. Circle the SUBJECT of the following sentences. Christ redeemed the world. Mankind was saved by God. God gave salvation to mankind. 2. Circle the DIRECT OBJECT (if there is one) in the following sentences. Christ redeemed the world. Mankind was saved by God. God gave salvation to mankind. 3. Circle the INDIRECT OBJECT (if there is one) in the following sentences. Christ redeemed the world. Mankind was saved by god. God gave salvation to mankind. 4. Fill in the blanks for the Latin sentence. God gave Christ to the world for the redemption of men. Deus dedit Christum mundo ad redemptionem hominum. The VERB is __________. The SUBJECT is __________ and is in the __________ case. The DIRECT OBJECT is __________ and is in the __________ case. The INDIRECT OBJECT is __________ and is in the __________ case. The OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION is __________ and is in the __________ case. The POSSESSIVE word is __________ and is in the __________ case. PERSONAL PRONOUNS NOMINATIVE EGO I TU you (sing.) NOS we VOS you (pl.) GENITIVE MEI of me TUI of you NOSTRI of us VESTRI of you DATIVE MIHI to me TIBI to you NOBIS to us VOBIS to you ACCUSATIVE ME me TE you NOS us VOS you ABLATIVE ME by me TE by you NOBIS by us VOBIS by you ADJECTIVE MEUS my TUUS your NOSTER our VESTER your 1ST AND 2ND DECLENSION NOUNS You have already studied the singular forms for Maria (called 1st declension feminine nouns) and Christus (called 2nd declension masculine nouns). There are other nouns of the 2nd declension that are neuter nouns, which have some forms slightly different from the masculine forms (* indicates a form in which the neuter noun differs from the masculine noun). 1st Declension 2nd Declension 2nd Declension Feminine Masculine Neuter SINGULAR -------- NOMINATIVE ecclesi-A domin-US peccat-UM* GENITIVE ecclesi-AE domin-I peccat-I DATIVE ecclesi-AE domin-O peccat-O ACCUSATIVE ecclesi-AM domin-UM peccat-UM ABLATIVE ecclesi-A domin-O peccat-O PLURAL ------ NOMINATIVE ecclesi-AE domin-I peccat-A* GENITIVE ecclesi-ARUM domin-ORUM peccat-ORUM DATIVE ecclesi-IS domin-IS peccat-IS ACCUSATIVE ecclesi-AS domin-OS peccat-A* ABLATIVE ecclesi-IS domin-IS peccat-IS Remember the handy Accusative Rule: the accusative singular always ends in - M; the accusative plural always ends in -S (like the English plural). Remember also the handy Neuter Rule: in the singular and in the plural, the nominative and accusative forms are the same. PREPOSITIONS Prepositions occur frequently Latin, as in English. Generally, prepositions followed by the accusative indicate motion, those followed by the ablative indicate location. A, AB from, by AD to ANTE before APUD in the presence of CIRCUM around CORAM in front of CUM with DE from, about E, EX from IN into, in INTER among OB on account of PER through, for POST after PRO for PROPTER on account of RETRO behind SECUNDUM according to SINE without SUB under SUPER,SUPRA above TRANS across CONJUNCTIONS Conjunctions (connecting words) occur frequently in Latin, as in English. Meaning "and": AC, ATQUE, ET, -QUE (attached to the end of the next word) Meaning "as": SICUT, SICUTI, UT Meaning "but": SED Meaning "because": ENIM, QUOD, QUIA, QUONIAM Meaning "moreover": AUTEM Meaning "that": UT Meaning "that not": NE EXERCISE (REVIEW) 1. Translate the following prepositional phrases: ad vitam aeternam ________________________ cum Sancto Spiritu ________________________ in gloria Dei Patris ________________________ per omnia saecula saeculorum ________________________ de manibus tuis ________________________ propter nostram salutem ________________________ secundum Scripturas ________________________ ante omnia saecula ________________________ ex Patre Filioque ________________________ pro nobis intercedere ________________________ 2. Translate the following phrases with conjunctions: quoniam tu solus Sanctus ________________________ sicut erat in principio ________________________ ut meum et vestrum sacrificium ________________________ quia peccavi nimis ________________________ omnes sanctos et te, Pater ________________________ 3. Translate the following phrases with pronouns: orare pro me ______________________ et salutare tuum da nobis ________________________ et clamor meus ad te veniat ________________________ Dominus vobiscum ________________________ What is unusual about the pronoun in the preceding phrase? ______________________________________________________ Tu solus altissimus __________________________ Offerimus tibi, Domine, calicem ________________________ Misereatur tui omnipotens Deus ________________________ Misereatur vestri omnipotens Deus ________________________ Crucifixus etiam pro nobis ________________________ Ego autem in innocentia mea ________________________ 4. Give the forms of the following nouns in the singular: BAPTISTA PILATUS SACRIFICIUM Nominative __________ __________ ___________ Genitive __________ __________ ___________ Dative __________ __________ ___________ Accusative __________ __________ ___________ Ablative __________ __________ ___________ Vocative __________ __________ ___________ 5. Give the forms of the following nouns in the plural: TERRA BAPTISTA SAECULUM Nominative __________ __________ ___________ Genitive __________ __________ ___________ Dative __________ __________ ___________ Accusative __________ __________ ___________ Ablative __________ __________ ___________ THE TENSES OF THE VERB "ESSE" The verb "esse" (to be) is the most used verb in Latin, as it is in most languages. Also, as in most languages, the verb "to be" is somewhat irregular in Latin, but notice there many similarities among the forms. Verbs have different forms for different TENSES, which indicate the time of the action indicated by the verb. The PRESENT TENSE indicates an action taking place in the present. The FUTURE TENSE indicates an action that will take place in the future. The IMPERFECT TENSE indicates an action that was taking place in the past. Verbs also have different forms for different PERSONS (1st, 2nd, 3rd) and NUMBERS (singular, plural). These correspond to the pronouns you have already learned: ego (I: 1st singular), nos (we: 1st plural), tu (you: 2nd singular), vos (you: second plural). Notice that each of this is indicated by the personal ending on the verb (-M or -O, -S, -T, -MUS, -TIS, -NT). PRESENT TENSE (SU/ES + personal ending) (ego) SU-M I am (tu) E -S you (singular) are ES-T he/she/it is (nos) SU-MUS we are (vos) ES-TIS you (plural) are SU-NT they are FUTURE TENSE (ERI + personal ending) (ego) ER -O I shall be (tu) ERI-S you (singular) will be ERI-T he/she/it will be (nos) ERI-MUS we shall be (vos) ERI-TIS you (plural) will be erunt ERU-NT they will be IMPERFECT TENSE (ERA + personal ending) (ego) ERA-M I was (tu) ERA-S you (singular) were ERA-T he/she/it was (nos) ERA-MUS we were (vos) ERA-TIS you (plural) were ERA-NT they were 1ST-2ND DECLENSION ADJECTIVES A large number of adjectives have the forms of the 1st and 2nd declensions that you have already studied: the 2nd-declension forms for the masculine and neuter, the 1st-declension forms for the feminine. The forms of BONUS ("good") are: Masculine Feminine Neuter (like ECCLESIA) (line DOMINUS) (like PECCATUM) SINGULAR -------- NOMINATIVE bon-A bon-US bon-UM GENITIVE bon-AE bon-I bon-I DATIVE bon-AE bon-O bon-O ACCUSATIVE bon-AM bon-UM bon-UM ABLATIVE bon-A bon-O bon-O PLURAL ------ NOMINATIVE bon-AE bon-I bon-A GENITIVE bon-ARUM bon-ORUM bon-ORUM DATIVE bon-IS bon-IS bon-IS ACCUSATIVE bon-AS bon-OS bon-A ABLATIVE bon-IS bon-IS bon-IS Adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in gender (masculine, feminine, neuter), number (singular, plural), and case (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, vocative): ECCLESIAM BONAM: the good church (accusative singular) DOMINO BONO: to (or by) the good Lord dative (or ablative) singular PECCATA BONA: the good sins (nominative or accusative plural) In English, adjectives usually PRECEDE the noun in word order ("the good church," not "the church good"). In Latin, adjectives frequently FOLLOW the noun (ECCLESIA BONA). 3RD-DECLENSION NOUNS The case endings of nouns in Latin follow five basic patterns. Of these five, the first three are the most common. You have already studied the 1st (ECCLESIA) and 2nd (DOMINUS, PECCATUM) declensions. The forms of the 3rd declension are similar in many respects: 1st Declension 2nd Declension 3rd Declension Feminine Masculine/Neuter Masc./Fem./Neuter SINGULAR -------- NOMINATIVE ecclesi-A domin-US/peccat-UM natio GENITIVE ecclesi-AE domin-I/peccat-I nation-IS DATIVE ecclesi-AE domin-O/peccat-O nation-I ACCUSATIVE ecclesi-AM domin-UM/peccat-UM nation-EM ABLATIVE ecclesi-A domin-O/peccat-O nation-E PLURAL ------ NOMINATIVE ecclesi-AE domin-I/peccat-A nation-ES (-A) GENITIVE ecclesi-ARUM domin-ORUM/peccat-ORUM nation-UM DATIVE ecclesi-IS domin-IS/peccat-IS nation-IBUS ACCUSATIVE ecclesi-AS domin-OS/peccat-A nation-ES (-A) ABLATIVE ecclesi-IS domin-IS/peccat-IS nation-IBUS Remember the Accusative Rule (except neuters): the accusative singular always ends in -M; the accusative plural always ends in -S (like the English plural). Remember also the Neuter Rule: in the singular and in the plural, the nominative and accusative forms are the same, and in the plural the form ends in -A. THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE 3RD DECLENSION ADJECTIVES A large number of adjectives have the forms of the 3rd declension that you have already studied. Among these is the present participle. A participle is a form that "participates" in aspects of verbs and adjectives. Like a verb, it has tense (present). Like an adjective, it has gender, number, and case according to the word it modifies. In English, the present participle is translated as the verb (e.g., "pray") with "-ing" added: "praying." In Latin, all present participles are formed by taking the root of the verb (e.g., "ora-"), adding "ns/nt", then adding the case endings of the 3rd declension: "orantis." The forms of the masculine, feminine, AND neuter genders are the same except in the nominative and accusative cases of the neuter. SINGULAR -------- NOMINATIVE ora-NS GENITIVE ora-NT-IS DATIVE ora-NT-I ACCUSATIVE ora-NT-EM (neuter: ora-NS) ABLATIVE ora-NT-E PLURAL ------ NOMINATIVE ora-NT-ES (neuter: ora-NT-IA) GENITIVE ora-NT-IUM DATIVE ora-NT-IBUS ACCUSATIVE ora-NT-ES (neuter: ora-NT-IA) ABLATIVE ora-NT-IBUS Participles, like adjectives, agree with the nouns they modify in gender (masculine, feminine, neuter), number (singular, plural), and case (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, vocative): PECCATOREM ORANTEM: the praying sinner (masc. acc. sing.) ECCLESIAE ORANTI: to the praying Church (fem. dative singular) SAECULIS ORANTIBUS: to (or by) the praying ages (neuter nom. native or acc. pl.) In English, adjectives usually PRECEDE the noun in word order ("the praying church," not "the church praying"). In Latin, adjectives frequently FOLLOW the noun (ECCLESIA ORANS). PARTICIPLES A participle is a verbal adjective; that is, it participates in the attributes of both verbs and adjectives. Like a verb, it has tense and voice. Like an adjective, it has gender, number, and case. In Latin, participles have one of three tenses (present, perfect, or future) and one of the two voices (active or passive). However, standard verbs lack the present passive and perfect active participles, so there are a total of only four participles (not six). In addition, only transitive verbs (ones that can take a direct object) can have the passive participles. The present active participle is formed by adding ns to the present stem to form a third-declension adjectival form (e.g., laudans). The perfect passive participle is the fourth principal part of the verb (e.g., laudatus, -a, -um). The future active participle is formed by adding urus, -a, -um to the fourth principal part (e.g., laudaturus, -a, -um. The future passive participle is formed by adding ndus, -a, -um to the present stem (e.g., laudandus, -a, -um). A table of the participial forms for laudo with their English translations follows: PRESENT ACTIVE: laudans praising PRESENT PASSIVE: (none) PERFECT ACTIVE: (none) PERFECT PASSIVE: laudatus, -a, -um (having been) praised FUTURE ACTIVE: laudaturus, -a, -um about to praised FUTURE PASSIVE: laudandus, -a, -um (about) to be praised Examples in sentences follow: Vir Ciceronem laudans bonus est. The man praising Cicero is good. Vir a Cicerone laudatus bonus est. The man praised by Cicero is good. Vir Ciceronem laudaturus bonus est. The man about to praise Cicero is good. Vir a Cicerone laudandus bonus est. The man to be praised by Cicero is good. Translate the following for practice: Femina Augustum laudans est Livia. Senatorem ab Livia laudatum laudavi. Pontifex templum laudaturus est Tiberius. Templum a Tiberio laudandum visi. The emperor praised by Sejanus is Tiberius. I saw the man praising Tiberius. I heard the woman about to praise Caligula. The speech to be praised by Cicero is long. (through Wheelock XXIII) LATIN TO ENGLISH The following is adapted from the beginning of Robert Graves' I Claudius. I, Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus, who was once known once: semel or olim? known: cognitus/a/um to my friends as "Claudius the Idiot" idiot: idiota, -ae (m) or "That Claudius," am now about to write this strange history of my life, strange: mirus/a/um starting from my earliest childhood early: novus/a/um and continuing year by year. continue: pergo, pergere (through Wheelock XXIV) THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE The ablative absolute is a construction using a participle in Latin that gives information not directly connected with the main sentence. It is called "ablative" because the noun (or pronoun) and the participle modifying it are both in the ablative. It is called "absolute" because it is not directly connected with the main sentence. English sometimes uses the same type of construction (called a "nominative absolute" because English does not have an ablative case), e.g.: (With) the speech having been ended, Cicero descended from the rostra. (With) Catiline fleeing, Cicero took the field. (With) Cicero about to speak, Catiline fled. (With) Cicero about to be killed, Antony praised Octavian. In Latin, these sentences might be rendered: Oratione finita, Cicero de rostris descendit. (perf. passive part.) Catalina fugiente, Cicero militavit. (pres. active part.) Cicerone dicturo, Catilina fugit. (fut. active part.) Cicerone necando, Antonius Octavianum laudavit. (fut. passive part.) If a fuller translation is desired, the ablative absolute can be translated as a subordinate clause (subordinating conjunction and indicative verb). Note that in such cases the ablative absolute does not make clear what its relationship is with the main clause. You have to supply whatever conjunction seems appropriate: When the speech had been finished, ... (time) Because the speech had been finished, ... (cause) If the speech had been finished, ... (condition) Although the speech had been finished, ... (concession) Note that in all the examples above, the participle is "absolute"; it does not modify any word in the main sentence. If it did, the ablative absolute would not be used and the participle would modify the word directly. Compare the following two sentences: Pompeio fugiente, Caesar militavit. (With) Pompey fleeing, Caesar took the field. Pompeius, Caesarem fugiens, militavit. Pompey, fleeing Caesar, took the field. In the first sentence, Pompeio fugiente is "absolute" (has no direct connection with the rest of the sentence). It could be omitted, and the rest of the sentence would then be able to stand on its own. In the second sentence, Pompeius is the subject of the verb militavit. It could not be omitted from the sentence without making the rest of the sentence meaningless. Fugiens modifies Pompeius directly in gender, number, and case (masculine nominative singular). Practice with the following sentences: 1. Caligula necato, Claudius regnavit. regno, regnare, regnavi, regnatus: rule 2. Tiberio regnante, Caligula Seianum laudavit. 3. Ludis incepturis, Augustus populum salutavit. ludum, ludi (n): game incipio, incipere, incepi, inceptus: begin saluto, salutare, salutavi, salutatus: greet 4. Seiano laudando, senatus risit. rideo, ridere, risi, risus: laugh 5. Nerone lyram ludente, urbs Roma deleta est. lyra, lyrae: lyre, harp ludo, ludere, lusi, lusum: play 6. (With) Caligula laughing, Livilla spoke. 7. (With) the army having been conquered, Catiline fled. 8. (With) Nero about to be killed, Galba led the army. ABLATIVE OF AGENT/DATIVE OF AGENT The passive voice, as you have already learned, may take an ablative of agent (with the preposition a, ab): Pompeius a Cicerone laudatus est. Pompey was praised by Cicero. Exercitus ab Agrippa ducitur. The army is led by Agrippa. The main exception this rule is that when the future passive participle is involved, the dative of agent (without a preposition) is used: Pompeius Ciceroni laudandus est. Pompey is to be praised (must be praised) by Cicero. Exercitus Agrippae ducendus est. The army is to be led (must be led) by Agrippa. Note that when the future passive participle is used with a form of the verb esse, there is an idea of obligation or necessity ("is to be", "must be"). This usage is known by the intimidating name "passive periphrastic." (through Wheelock XXIV) PARTICIPLE DRILL 1. Identify each of the following participles: Form Pres. Act. Perf. Pass. Fut. Act. Fut. Pass. laudans X laudatura laudatum laudandam capti habentis delenda audituro ductorum danti 2. Translate each of the following participial phrases: Vir laudatus ______________________________ Templum laudandum ______________________________ Femina laudatura ______________________________ Vir laudans ______________________________ 3. Translate each of the following sentences: Vir laudatus est. ______________________________ Templum laudandum erat. ______________________________ Femina laudatura est. ______________________________ 4. Match each of the following ablatives absolute with its translation: Tiberio necaturo (With) Tiberius killed Tiberio necato (With) Tiberius to be killed Tiberio necando (With) Tiberius killing Tiberio necante (With) Tiberius about to kill 5. Match each of the following sentences with its translation: Tiberius is to be (must be) killed. Tiberius necaturus est. Tiberius was killed. Tiberius necatus est. Tiberius is going to be killed. Tiberius necandus est. 6. Write in the ablative of agent or dative of agent as appropriate: Seianus ____________________ (by Tiberius) necandus est. Seianus ____________________ (by Tiberius) necatus est. Caesar ____________________ (by Cicero) laudandus est. Caesar _____________________ (by Cicero) laudatus est. 7. Circle the wrong word or phrase in each of the following sentences: Tiberius Seianum necans est. Seianus a Tiberio necandus est. Seianus Tiberio necatus est. (through Wheelock XXIV) RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE WORDS There are several words in Latin starting with qu that are easy to confuse. Here is a handy table. RELATIVE qui, quae, quod pronoun: who, which Est vir qui id facere potest. He is the man who can do it. INTERROGATIVE quis, quid pronoun: who? what? Quis id facere potest? Who can do it? qui, quae, quod adjective: which? Qui vir id facere potest? What man can do it? INDEFINITE aliquis, aliquid pronoun: anyone, anything Aliquis id facere potest. Anyone can do it. quidam, quaedam, quoddam pronoun: a certain Quidam id facere potest. A certain man can do it. (Quidem means "indeed.") quisque, quidque pronoun: each Quisque id facere potest. Each man can do it. CORRELATIVE tantus...quantus adjective: so much...as much Hic tanta facere potest quanta ille. This man can do as many things as that man. tam...quam adverb: so...as Hic tam facere potest quam ille. This man can so act as that man. tot...quot adverb: how much...as much Hic tot vincit quot ille. This man conquers as much as that man. (through Wheelock XXVI) THE SUBJUNCTIVE The subjunctive has forms in four tenses (the same as the indicative, less the future and future perfect) and two voices. There is almost no distinction in form among the four conjugations. PRESENT present stem + a* + personal endings for voice IMPERFECT present infinitive + personal endings for voice PERFECT ACTIVE perfect active stem + future of sum (erim)** PLUPERFECT ACTIVE perfect infinitive + personal endings PERFECT PASSIVE perf. pass. part. + present subjunctive of sum (sim) PLUPERFECT PASSIVE perf. pass. part. + imperfect subj. of sum (essem) * Exception 1: The present subjunctive of the 1st conjugation uses e to distinguish the subjunctive from the indicative. ** Exception 2: erim is used for ero, erint is used for erunt The following is a summary for the third person singular (there is really no one translation for the subjunctive in all contexts; the translations below are given only as examples): ACTIVE PASSIVE PRESENT ducat he may lead ducatur he may be led IMPERFECT duceret he might lead duceretur he might be led PERFECT duxerit he may have led ductus sit he may have been led PLUPERFECT duxisset he might have led ductus esset he might have been led USES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE The subjunctive is used for various purposes in Latin, but generally these uses can be divided into independent and dependent: INDEPENDENT: The subjunctive is in the main clause. The context defines the use: Jussive (command): Ludi incipiant. (Let the games begin.) Optative (wish): Dei nos servent. (May the gods preserve us.) Potential (possibility): Eum necem. (I may kill him.) DEPENDENT: The subjunctive is in a subordinate clause. Purpose: Cicero dicit ut Catilinam vincat. (negative is ne) Cicero speaks (in order) that he may conquer Catiline. Result: Cicero tam bene dicit ut Catilinam vincat. (negative is ut non) Cicero speaks so well that he conquers Catiline. EXERCISES: 1. "Seianus necetur," dixit Tiberius. 2. Claudius stultus videatur, sed vere acer est. 3. Augustus multos annos vivat. 4. Caesar venit ut videret et vinceret. 5. Eratne Nero tam stultus ut urbem Romam ureret? 6. Seneca a Nerone necetur. 7. Dei urbem Romam semper servent! (through Wheelock XXX)