LATIN IN ENGLISH ACCENTUATION, -OLOGIES, PHOBIAS, PLURALS TRADITIO Traditional Roman Catholic Network E-mail: traditio@traditio.com, Web: www.traditio.com Copyright 1994-2019 CSM. Reproduction prohibited without authorization. Last Revised: 04/16/19 ACCENTUATION In English accent is a matter of stress; i.e., it depends on force of utterance. The contrast between accented and unaccented syllables is very marked, whereas in Latin it is much less marked. Hence English verse depends primarily on alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables rather than on quantity, as in Latin. In English words the accent falls as a rule on the first syllable or on the root syllable, and the comparative weakness of the end syllables is the main reason for the confusion or loss of inflexions. Phyfe's Rule, named after William Henry Pinkney Phyfe, concerns the different accentuation of English words depending on whether they are used as nouns (accent on penultima) or verbs (accent on ultima). The following is a list of English words that have the same spelling (homographs), but different accentuation according to their grammatical function. ABsent (adjective) abSENT (verb) ABstract (noun or adjective) abSTRACT (verb) ACcent (noun) acCENT (verb) ADdress (noun) adDRESS (verb) Adept (noun) aDEPT (adjective) aRITHmetic (noun) arithMETic (adjective) AUgust (noun) auGUST (adjective) COLLect (noun) coLLect (verb) COMmune (noun) comMUNE (verb) COMplex (noun) comPLEX (adjective) COMpound (noun) comPOUND (verb) COMpress (noun) comPRESS (verb) CONcert (noun) conCERT (verb) CONduct (noun) conDUCT (verb) CONflict (noun) conFLICT (verb) CONsort (noun) conSORT (verb) conSUMMate (adjective) CONsummate (verb) CONtract (noun) conTRACT (verb) CONtest (noun) conTEST (verb) CONvict (noun) conVICT (verb) CONvoy (noun) conVOY (verb) DEcrease (noun) deCREASE (verb) DEfault (noun) deFAULT (verb) DEScant (noun) desCANT (verb) DESert (noun) deSERT (verb) DEtail (noun) deTAIL (verb) DICtate (noun) dicTATE (verb) DIgest (noun) diGEST (verb) DIScount (noun) disCOUNT (verb) ENvelope (noun) enVELope (verb) EScort (noun) esCOURT (verb) ESSay (noun) eSSAY (verb) EXpert (noun) exPERT (adjective) EXploit (noun) exPLOIT (verb) EXport (noun) exPORT (verb) EXtract (noun) exTRACT (verb) FERment (noun) ferMENT (verb) FREquent (adjective) freQUENT (verb) IMpact (noun) imPACT (verb) IMport (noun) imPORT (verb) IMpress (noun) imPRESS (verb) IMprint (noun) imPRINT (verb) INcense (noun) inCENSE (verb) INcrease (noun) inCREASE (verb) INstinct (noun) inSTINCT (adjective) INsult (noun) inSULT (verb) INterdict (noun) interDICT (verb) INvalid (noun or adjective) inVALid (adjective) MInute (noun) miNUTE (adjective) misCONduct (noun) misconDUCT (verb) NAtal (noun) NAtal (adjective) OBject (noun) obJECT (verb) RECord (noun) reCORD (verb) PERfect (adjective) perFECT (verb) PERfume (noun) perFUME (verb) PERmit (noun) perMIT (verb) PREsent (noun) preSENT (verb) PROduce (noun) proDUCE (verb) PROject (noun) proJECT (verb) REbel (noun) reBEL (verb) REcord (noun) reCORD (verb) REfill (noun) reFILL (verb) REsearch (noun) reSEARCH (verb) SUSpect (noun) susPECT (verb) TRANSport (noun) transPORT (verb) TRANSfer (noun) transFER (verb) =========================================================================== -OLOGIES Anthropology (Mankind) Arachnidology (Spiders) Archaeology (Ancient Civilizations) Astrology (Stars) Bacteriology (Bacteria) Balneology (Mineral Baths) Biology (Living Things) Cardiology (The Heart) Chronology (Time) Climatology (Climates) Cosmetology (Cosmetics) Cosmology (The Universe) Craniology (The Brain) Criminology (Crime) Cryptozoology (Unknown Animals) Dermatology (The Skin) Demonology (Demons) Dendrochronology (Telling Time by Looking at Tree Rings) Dysteleology (Purposelessness) Ecclesiology (Churches) Ecology (The Environment) Egyptology (Ancient Egypt) Endocrinology (The Internal Glands) Enterology (The Intestines) Entomology (Insects) Epidemiology (Epidemics) Epistemology (Knowledge) Ethnology (Nations) Etymology (Words) Exobiology (Extraterrestrial Life) Gastroenterology (The Stomach-Intestines) Gastrology (The Stomach) Gemology (Gems) Geology (The Earth) Geomorphology (Earth's Physical Features) Gephyrology (Bridges) Gerontology (Old Age) Glaciology (Glaciers) Graphology (Handwriting) Gynecology (Women's Aliments) Haematology (The Blood) Helminthology (Parasitic Worms) Herpetology (Snakes) Histology (Tissues) Hydrology (Water) Ichthyology (Fishes) Ideology (Ideas) Immunology (The Immune System) Kinesiology (Motion) Kremlinology (Soviet Union) Laryngology (The Throat) Lexicology (Words) Limnology (Lakes And Streams) Macrobiology (Large Living Things) Meteorology (Atmosphere) Methodology (Methods) Metrology (Measurement) Microbiology (Small Living Things) Mnesiology (The Memory) Morphology (Forms) Musicology (Music) Mycology (Fungi) Mythology (Myth) Neonatology (Babies) Nephrology (The Kidneys) Neurology (The Nervous System) Nomology (Laws) Numerology (Numbers) Oenology (Wine) Oncology (Cancer) Ontology (Being) Opthalmology (The Eyes) Ornithology (Birds) Orthology (Spelling) Otology (The Ears) Otorhinolaryngology (Ear-Nose-Throat) Paleontology (Ancient Artifacts) Paleosiesmology (Ancient Earthquakes) Papyrology (Papyrus Manuscripts) Parapsychology (The Extra-Sensory) Parasitology (Parasites) Pathology (Disease) Pathomorphology (Diseased Forms?) Pathophysiology (Diseased Bodies?) Pedology (Soil) Pharmacology (Medicine) Plebology (Adolescents) Phenomenolgy (Phenomena) Philology (Language) Phlebology (The Veins) Phonology (Sounds) Phraseology (Phrases) Phrenology (Bumps On The Head) Physiology (The Body) Planetology (Planets) Proctology (The Excretory System) Protozoology (Protozoa) Psephology (Politics) Psychobiology (Interactions Between Mental & Biological Processes) Psychology (The Mind) Psychopatholology (Diseases Of The Mind) Psychophysiology (Correlations Between Behavior & Physiology) Psychopharmacolology (Effects Of Drugs On The Mind) Radiology (X-Rays) Rheology (Flow Of Matter) Rheumatology (Joints) Rhinology (The Nose) Scatology (Vulgar Language) Selenology (Moon) Semiology (Symbols) Seismology (Earthquakes) Sexology (Human Sexual Relationships) Sociology (Society) Sonology (Sound) Speleology (Caves) Tautology (Equivalent Expressions) Technology (Technical Things) Teleology (Purposes) Terminology (Terms) Thanatology (Death) Theology (Religion) Topology (Places) Toxicology (Toxins) Trichology (Hair Diseases) Typology (Types) Urology (The Urinary System) Venereology (Venereal Diseases) Vulcanology (Volcanos) Zoology (Animals) =========================================================================== PHOBIAS Based on Taber's CYCLOPEDIC MEDICAL DICTIONARY, 15th edition (Philadelphia: R.A. Davis Co., 1985), adapted from R. J. Campbell's PSYCHIATRIC DICTIONARY, 5th edition (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981). Entries in parenthesis are hybrids, i.e., combinations of Latin and Greek roots, which are deprecated. alone, being eremophobia, monophobia aloneness eremophobia, monophobia animals zoophobia anything new neophobia bacilli bacillophobia bad men sclerophobia barren space cenophobia, kenophobia beards pogonophobia bees melissophobia (apiphobia) birds ornithophobia blood haematophobia, hemophobia blushing ereuthrophobia, erythrophobia brain disease meningitophobia bridges, crossing gephyrophobia burglars sclerophobia burial alive taphephobia cats ailurophobia, galeophobia, (gatophobia) change kainophobia, kainotophobia choking anginophobia clowns coulrophobia cold, something cheimaphobia, psychrophobia color(s) chromatophobia, chromophobia comet cometophobia confinement claustrophobia contamination molysmophobia, mysophobia corpses necrophobia crime sclerophobia crossing streets dromophobia crowds demophobia, ochlophobia, agoraphobia dampness hygrophobia dancing chorophobia darkness nyctophobia, scotophobia, (noctiphobia) dawn eosophobia daylight phengophobia death thanatophobia deformed child teratophobia disease, general nosophobia disease, specific monopathophobia dogs cynophobia dolls pediophobia drafts anemophobia dust amathophobia eating phagophobia electricity electrophobia emptiness kenophobia, cenophobia empty space cenophobia, kenophobia everything panphobia, panophobia, pantophobia excrement coprophobia eyes ommatophobia failure kakarrhaphiophobia fatigue kopophobia fearing phobophobia feathers pteronophobia female genitals eurotophobia fever pyrexeophobia filth mysophobia filth, personal automysophobia fire pyrophobia fish ichthyophobia floods antlophobia flutes aulophobia flying aerophobia, aviophobia fog homichlophobia food sitophobia, (cibophobia) forest hylophobia frogs batrachophobia functioning ergasiophobia garlic alliumphobia ghosts phasmaphobia girls parthenophobia glass crystallophobia, hyelophobia God theophobia gravity barophobia hair trichopathophobia heat thermophobia heights acrophobia hell hadephobia, stygiophobia heredity patoiophobia hereditary disease patoiophobia high objects batophobia house domatophobia, oikophobia ideas ideophobia infinity apeirophobia injury traumatophobia innovation neophobia insane, becoming lyssophobia, maniaphobia insects acarophobia, entomophobia jealousy zelophobia justic dikephobia knife aichmophobia large objects megalophobia left (levophobia) light photophobia lightning astraphobia, astrapophobia, keraunophobia locked in, being claustrophobia looked at, being scopophobia machinery mechanophobia man androphobia many things polyphobia marriage gamophobia medicine pharmacophobia metals metallophobia meteors meteorophobia mice musophobia mirror eisoptrophobia, (spectrophobia) missles ballistophobia moisture hygrophobia money chrematophobia monsters teratophobia motion kinesophobia myths mythophobia naked body gymnophobia name onomatophobia needles balenophobia night nyctophobia, (noctiphobia) northern lights auroraphobia novelty kainophobia, kainotophobia odor osmophobia, osphresiophobia, (olfactophobia) odor, personal automysophobia, bromidrosiphobia open space agoraphobia overwork ponophobia pain algophobia, odynophobia parasites parasitophobia people antrophobia place topophobia pleasure hedonophobia pointed objects aichmophobia poison iophobia, toxicophobia poverty peniaphobia precipices cremnophobia public speaking glossophobia punishment poinephobia punishment, instru. rabdophobia rabies cynophobia, lyssophobia railroad siderodromophobia rain ombrophobia rain storm ombrophobia rectal excreta coprophobia rectum proctophobia red erythrophobia responsibility hypengyophobia right (dextrophobia) river potamophobia robbers harpaxophobia rod of punishment rabdophobia ruin atephobia sacred things hierophobia scabies scabiophobia scratched, being amychophobia scrathes amychophobia sea thalassophobia self autophobia semen spermatophobia sex genophobia sexual intercourse coitophobia shock hormephobia sin hamartophobia sinning (peccatiphobia) sitting thaasophibia sitting down kathisophobia skin disease dermatosiophobia skin lesion dermatophobia skin of animals doraphobia sleep hypnophobia small objects microphobia, microbiophobia smothering pnigerophobia snakes ophidiophobia snow chionphobia solitude eremophobia sounds acoustiphobia sourness acerophobia speaking laliophobia spider arachneophobia stairs climacophobia standing up stasiphobia standing stasibasiophobia stars sidrophobia stealing kleptophobia stories mythophobia strangers xenophobia street agyiophobia string linonphobia sunlight heliophobia symbolism symbolophobia syphilis syphilophobia talking laliophobia tall buildings batophobia tapeworms taeniophobia taste geumaphobia teeth odontophobia thinging phronemophobia thunder astraphobia, astrapophobia, brontophobia time chronophobia touched, being haphephobia, haptephobia train siderodromophobia travel hodophobia trembling tremophobia trichinosis trichinophobia tuberculosis phthisiophobia, (tuberculophobia) vaccination vaccinophobia vehicle, being in amaxophobia venereal disease cypridophobia voice, one's own phonophobia void kenophobia vomiting emetophobia walking basiphobia, stasibasiphobia water hydrophobia weakness asthenophobia wind anemophobia women gynophobia words, hearing onomatophobia writing graphophobia =========================================================================== PLURALS A list of Latin (or Latinized Greek) words taken into English with Latin plurals. Words restricted entirely to a specialized area (like names of bones and muscles) have been excluded. Greek plurals are marked with an asterisk. administratrix, administratrices agendum, agenda addendum, addenda adoratrix, adoratrices alga, algae alumna, alumnae alumnus, alumni amanuensis, amanuenses analysis, analyses antenna, antennae apex, apices apothegma, apothegmata* apparatus, apparatus appendix, appendices aquarium, aquaria atrium, atria automaton, automata* aviatrix, aviatrices axis, axes bacillus, bacilli bacterium, bacteria basis, bases bema, bemata cactus, cacti caduceus, caducei candelabrum, candelabra catharsis, catharses charisma, charismata codex, codices colloquium, colloquia compendium, compendia conservatorium, conservatoria continuum, continua corpus, corpora corrigendum, corrigenda cortex, cortices crematorium, crematoria crisis, crises criterion, criteria* curriculum, curricula datum, data desideratum, desiderata diagnosis, diagnoses dictum, dicta dogma, dogmata* editrix, editrices emeritus, emeriti emporium, emporia encomium, encomia episema, episemata* erratum, errata executrix, executrices exegesis, exegeses formula, formulae forum, fora fulcrum, fulcra fungus,fungi genius, genii (special senses) genus, genera gladiolus, gladioli gymnasium, gymnasia helix, helices hiatus, hiatus honorarium, honoraria index, indices indicium, indicia insigne, insignia interregnum, interregna lacuna, lacunae larynx, larynges lemma, lemmata lexicon, lexica* locus, loci lustrum, lustra macron, macra magma, magmata* mare, maria matrix, matrices mausoleum, mausolea maximum, maxima medium, media memorandum, memoranda metamorphosis, metamorphoses metropolis, metropoleis* miasma, miasmata* millennium, millennia minimum, minima mitochondrion, mitochondria* momentum, momenta narcissus, narcissi natatorium, natatoria nebula, nebulae necropolis, necropoleis* neurosis, neuroses nova, novae nucleus, nuclei oasis, oases oceanarium, oceanaria octopus, octopodes* (octopi) opprobrium, opprobria phenomenon, phenomena* plectrum, plectra planetarium, planetaria podium, podia polis, poleis* prognosis, prognoses psychosis, psychoses pylon, pyla pyx, pyxides quadrivium, quadrivia quantum, quanta radix, radices radius, radii referendum, referenda rostrum, rostra sanitarium, sanitaria sanitorium, sanitoria schema, schemata* scholium, scholia scriptorium, scriptoria serum, sera solarium, solaria species, species spectrum, spectra speculum, specula stadium, stadia statum, strata stimulus, stimuli supernova, supernovae syllabus, syllabi stemma, stemmata* stigma, stigmata* symposium, symposia synopsis, synopses terminus, termini terrarium, terraria thesaurus, thesauri thesis, theses thorax, thoraces trapezium, trapezia trauma, traumata* trivium, trivia (special sense) tumulus, tumuli ultimatum, ultimata vertebra, vertebrae vertex, vertices vortex, vortices